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The tiny spike-like structures or nano-needles puncture the bacterial cell walls, destroying the bacterial cells. The tiny spike-like structures invisible to human eyes, are deadly to many bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These are the pathogenic bacteria that are commonly associated with various hospital-acquired infections. A microscopic study has revealed that their wing's surface contains nanopillars or nano spikes that look similar to a bed of nails.
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The wings of dragonflies and cicadas inhibit bacterial growth due to their natural structures. As it does not require any replacement of objects or equipment, this technology is regarded as simple and cost-effective. Scientists believe that the application of nanocoatings on existing surfaces and equipment that are frequently touched in hospitals or other public places could significantly minimize the transmission of infection. This may be due to the composition of the bacterial cell wall that makes them resistant to the nano spike. However, some scientists have recently pointed out the ineffectiveness of organosilane coatings against many bacteria. Researchers have been keen to develop means to regulate the surface charge of organosilanes to improve their applicability.
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In 2016, a survey of more than 48,000 patients in England was conducted, among which 6.6% of patients acquired infection during their stay in the hospital. Pathogens on surfaces may lead to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Pathogen survival outside the body and on surfaces are significant issues, especially in hospitals and public places. Researchers have recently developed a novel nanocoating, inspired by the architecture of a dragonfly's wings, to develop a surface disinfectant. Bacterial and fungal spores can also survive for an extended period on various surfaces and help spread infections. However, it is not only viruses that can adhere to surfaces. The COVID-19 pandemic has made people more aware of surfaces' role in the spread of a virus.